WiFi terbukti andal mentransmisikan data melalui internet secara nirkabel. Kecepatannya pun makin tinggi. Walau saat ini baru hitungan Mbps atau megabit per second, ke depan kecepatannya bisa mencapai 10 kali lipat kecepatan saat ini atau dalam skala Gbps (gigabit per second). WiFi Alliance yang merupakan organisasi pengembang teknologi tersebut telah bergabung dengan Wireless Gigabit Alliance (WiGig) untuk mencapai target tadi. Salah satu manfaat transmisi data kecepatan tinggi yakni bisa menggantikan kabel untuk mengirimkan format video HD dari satu perangkat ke perangkat lainnya. Misalnya, dari Blu-ray player atau kamera langsung ke TV.
Saat ini, sejumlah konsorsium teknologi memang tengah bahu-membahu mengembangkan teknologi serupa. Sebelumnya, kelompok lain yang menamakan WirelessHD Consortium juga mengembangkan teknologi mirip WiGig. Banyak perusahaan yang tergabung dalam kedua konsorsium ini, seperti Samsung, Panasonic, dan Toshiba.
Aliansi Wifi akhirnya menetapkan pengembangan WiGig sebagai generasi koneksi wireless baru. WiGig tidak saja digunakan untuk koneksi nirkabel , tetapi untuk mentranfer data HD Video. Walaupun cepat, WiGig hanya diperuntukan untuk mengirim data sampai jarak maksimum 10m saja.
WiGig mengunakan frekuensi 60Ghz sudah mumpuni untuk kebutuhan tranfer data dengan daya besar. Bila standar baru tersebut disetujui, maka perusahaan pengembang chip akan mulai bekerja untuk membuat perangkat baru dengan koneksi WiGig. Di Inggris sendiri masih menunggu pengesahan pemakaian frekuensi 60Ghz untuk WiGig secara bebas.
WiGig bukanlah sebuah koneksi tanpa pesaing bila digunakan untuk perangkat elektronik. Sony dengan TranferJet mampu mentranfer data dengan kecepatan 560Mbit/s walau jarang jangkau pendek. Atau BlueTooth 3.0 mampu mentranfer data dengan kecepatan 24Mbit/s dan Rival System memiliki perangkat WirelessHD berkemampuan mentranfer data sampai 10Gbit/s
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Mungkin 2 atau 3 tahun yang lalu, laptop merupakan suatu perangkat komputer yang sangat didamba-dambakan oleh kalangan yang berkecimpung atau pengguna IT. Selain dapat digunakan dimana saja dan juga merupakan Gaya Hidup seorang profesional .. kemana-mana bisa dibawa dan digunakan, baik di kantor maupun cafe sambil nongkrong dan minum kopi, tapi tanpa disadari saat ini harga laptop semakin hari semakin menurun bahkan saat ini harga laptop ada yang <= 5 JT rupiah. Alhasil banyak orang menggunakan laptop daripada PC Desktop. Baik dari merek-merek terkenal maupun merek asia dan bahkan merek lokalpun turut ikut dalam kancah bisnis tersebut.
Saat ini negara “berorang-orang ingin maju dan pintar” telah membuat suatu teknologi didalam dunia IT yang akan menggeser posisi komputer dan laptop. Yaitu teknologi mini computer masa depan yang digadang2 lebih praktis dan lebih hebat dari teknologi saat ini. Karena hanya mengandalkan sebatang pulpen dan tetap memiliki kemampuan super komplit. Saat ini negara Indonesia masih menjadi pemakai saja dan hanya menerima perakitan ulang, namun kita boleh berharap suatu saat nanti Indonesia juga turut menjadi produsen komputer - komputer masa depan ini. Berikut ini gambar-gambar komputer masa depan :
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Javascript. satu istilah yang sering sekali kita dengar. Anda yang mengelola blog pasti akan sering mendengar istilah ini ketika memasang widget atau script tracking analytics ke blog anda : “copy paste kan kode javascript ini pada blog anda…” well then, langsung saja :
Apa itu Javascript?
merujuk pada wikipedia, JavaScript adalah bahasa pemrograman berbasis prototipe yang berjalan disisi klien. jika kita berbicara dalam konteks web, sederhananya, kita dapat memahami JavaScript sebagai bahasa pemrograman yang berjalan di browser.
Javascript dipanggil untuk memberikan fungsi pada halaman web dengan meletakannya secara internal pada halaman html diantara tag <script> </script> atau dibuat pada file terpisah ( eksternal ) dan lalu di link menggunakan <link rel=”" href=”"> pada bagian <head>, seperti CSS
Fungsi Javascript
Secara fungsional, Javascript digunakan untuk menyediakan akses script pada objek yang dibenamkan ( embedded ). Contoh sederhana dari penggunaan javascript adalah membuka halaman pop up, fungsi validasi pada form sebelum data dikirimkan ke server, merubah image kursor ketika melewati objek tertentu, dan lain lain.
Kelebihan Javascript dan mengapa kita perlu memahaminya
Javascript bekerja pada sisi browser. maksudnya begini : untuk menampilkan halaman web, user menuliskan alamat web di address bar url. setelah itu, browser “mengambil” file html ( dengan file javascript yang melekat padanya jika memang ada ) ke server yang beralamat di URL yang diketikan oleh user. Selesai file diambil, file ditampilkan pada browser. Nah, setelah file javascript berada pada browser, barulah script javascript tersebut bekerja.
Efek dari Javascript yang bekerja pada sisi browser ini, Javascript dapat merespon perintah user dengan cepat, dan membuat halaman web menjadi lebih responsif. JavaScript melakukan apa yang tidak bisa dilakukan oleh HTML, PHP, dan CSS : menangani hal – hal yang membutuhkan respons cepat terhadap aksi dari user. Contoh : fungsi validasi pada form. ketika anda mengisi sebuah form yang divalidasi menggunakan javascript, anda mengetikkan data lalu mengetik submit, sebelum data dikirimkan ke server, data akan “dicek” terlebih dahulu pada browser menggunakan fungsi javascript yang ada pada halaman web. sehingga, jika memang data yang anda isikan tidak valid, daripada membuang – buang waktu dengan mengirimkan data ke server baru di validasi di server dan lalu server mengirimkan respons balik mengenai ketidak validan input data anda, lebih baik cek validasi data form dilakukan secara lokal di browser menggunakan fungsi javascript.
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Even though the true origins of Ju-Jitsu are impossible to trace, elements of the art can be traced back over 2500 years. Mythical stories of Kajima and Kadori two legendary gods tell of how the inhabitants of an eastern providence were punished for their lawlessness using Ju-Jitsu techniques.
Chikura Kurabe, a wrestling sport that appeared in Japan in 230BC had many techniques that were incorporated into Ju-Jitsu training. During the Heian Period (784 AD), Ju-Jitsu was incorporated into the Samurai Warrior's training so that he could defend himself against an armed attacker in the event he lost his sword. In 880 AD the first Ju-Jitsu Ryu was formed by Prince Teijun.
One of the first Ryu that used Ju-Jitsu as a primary art was founded in 1532 by Takenouche Hisamori. Legend has it that while on a pilgrimage, Takenouche collapsed from exhaustion after training and meditating for several days. In his delirium he received a vision from a phantom warrior. The warrior taught him five techniques of immobilization, and the advantages of using short weapons over long ones.
Prior to the foundation of the Takenouche-Ryu, open-handed combat techniques existed solely as a subordinate art to a major weapons system. Most modern Ju-Jitsu Ryu can trace their lineage directly back to Takenouche. In the early 16th century, Hideyoshi Toyotomi introduced the Chinese Art of Ch-an Fa (punching and nerve striking) to Japan and it was adopted by Ju-Jitsu.
During the Edo Period (1603-1868), under the Tokugawa military government, Japan became a more peaceful area. Weaponless styles began to replace the weaponed forms of old. During the Edo Period, it is believed that more than 700 systems of Ju-Jitsu existed.
During the Meiji Restoration, the power of Japan shifted from the Shogun back to the Emperor. Since the Samurai had supported the Shogun, an Imperial Edit was set forth, making it a crime to practice the martial arts of the Samurai. Many of the practitioners became bone-setters, as they were well practiced from the injuries sustained in the dojo. Unfortunately, many more used their skills to put on fake wrestling shows for public amusement, or became gangsters. Some masters took the art "underground" or practiced in another country until the ban was lifted in the mid-twentieth century.
Ju-Jitsu is the father of some fairly new martial arts. In 1882, Jigaro Kano developed the art of Judo using Ju-Jitsu as the model. In the 1920's Useshiba Morihei developed Aikido which is based on Ju-Jitsu. In modern times, true Classical Ju-Jitsu is restricted to a very few. It is taught to police and special operation military forces, but there are few opportunities for the general populace to learn this ancient art of Feudal Japan as it was meant to be taught.
When all these regional wars of independence failed, Indonesian nationalists began thinking of a more-organized struggle against Dutch colonialism. The move began with the founding of Boedi Oetomo, literally meaning "noble conduct," on May 20, 1908. This organization of Indonesian intellectuals was initially set up for educational purposes but later turned into politics. It was inspired by Japan's victory over Russia in 1901, which also gave impetus to nationalist movements in many parts of Indonesia. The founder of Boedi Oetomo was Dr. Soetomo who was, at the time, a student of STOVIA, an institution to train Indonesian medi-cal officers. Dr. Soetomo was greatly influenced by Dr. Wahidin Soedirohoesodo and sup-ported by Gunawan and Suradji.
In 1912 Sarekat Dagang Islam, the Association of Moslem Merchants, was formed by Haji Samanhudi and others.
Its objective was at first to stimulate and promote the interest of Indonesian business in the Dutch East Indies. However, in 1912 this organization of middle class businessmen turned into a political party and was renamed Sarekat Islam under the leadership of H.O.S. Tjokroaminoto, Haji Agoes Salim and others. In 1912 a progressive Moslem organization, Muhammadiyah, was established by K.H. Akhmad Dahlan in Yogyakarta for the purpose of social and economic reforms.
In December of the same year Partai Indonesia was founded by Douwes Dekker, later named Setiabudi, with Dr. Tjipto Mangunkusumo and Ki Hajar Dewantoro. The objective of the party was to strive for complete independence of Indonesia. All three leaders of the party were exiled by the colonial government in 1913.
In 1914 communism was introduced in the East Indies by three Dutch nationals-Sneevliet, Baars and Brandsteder. In May 1920 Sarikat Islam split into a right and a left wing, the latter was to become the Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI, the Indonesian Communist Party) under the leadership of Semaun, Darsono, Alimin, Muso and others.
source: http://www.indonesia-ottawa.org/indonesia/history.php#NM
In 1916 Sarikat Islam held its first convention in Bandung and resolved the demand for self-government for Indonesia in cooperation with the Dutch. When Sarikat Islam demanded a share in the legislative power in the colony, the Dutch responded by setting up the Volksraad in 1918 which was virtually a powerless people's council with an advisory status.
Indonesian representatives on the council were indirectly elected through regional councils, but some of the other members were appointed colonial officials.
The Volksraad later developed into a semi-legislative assembly. Among the members of this body were prominent nationalist leaders like Dr. Tjipto Mangunkusumo, H.O.S. Tjokroaminoto, Abdul Muis, Dr. G.S.S.J. Ratulangi, M.H. Thamrin, Wiwoho, Sutardjo Kartohadikusumo, Dr. Radjiman, and Soekardjo Wiryopranoto.
Under the pressure of the social unrest in the Netherlands at the end of World War I, the Dutch promised to grant self-government to Indonesians. This was known as the "November promise." It was a promise that was never met.
Besides the Volksraad, there was another body called Raad van Indie, "the Council of the Indies," whose the members were appointed by the Government Achmad Djajadiningrat and Sujono were among the very few Indonesian members of this council.
In 1923 deteriorating economic conditions and increasing labor strikes prompted the colonial government to put severe restrictions on Indonesian civil liberties and make amendments to the colonial laws and penal codes. Freedom of assembly, speech and expression in writing was restricted.
Despite the political restrictions, on July 3, 1922 Ki Hajar Dewantoro founded Taman Siswa, an organization to promote national education. In 1924 the Indonesian Students Association, "Perhimpunan Mahasiswa Indonesia," was formed by Drs. Mohammad Hatta, Dr. Sukiman and others. This organization became a driving force of the nationalist movement to gain independence. The Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) staged revolts against the colonial government in November 1926 in West Java, and in January 1927 in West Sumatra. After their suppression the Government exiled many non-communist nationalist leaders to Tanah Merah, which the Dutch called "Boven Digul" in Irian Jaya. Dr. Tjipto Mangunkusumo was exiled to Bandaneira.
In February 1927 Mohammad Hatta, Achmad Soebardjo and other members of Indonesia's Movements attended the first international convention of the "League Against Imperialism and Colonial Oppression" in Brussels, together with Jawaharlal Nehru and many other prominent nationalist leaders from Asia and Africa. In July 1927, Soekarno, Sartono and others formed the Indonesian Nationalist Party (PNI), which adopted Bahasa Indonesia as the official language. This party adopted a militant policy of non-cooperation with the Government as the result of a fundamental conflict of interest between Indonesian nationalism and Dutch colonialism. In the same year, an all-Indonesia nationalist movement was organized by Indonesian youth to replace earlier organizations, which had been based on regionalism, such as "Young Java," "Young Sumatra" and "Young Ambon."
On October 28, 1929, delegates to the second Indonesian Youth Congress in Jakarta pledged allegiance to "one country, one nation and one language, Indonesia." Concerned about the growing national awareness of freedom, the colonial authorities arrested the PNI leader, Soekarno, in December 1929. This touched off widespread protests by Indonesians. In 1930 the world was in the grip of an economic and monetary crisis. The severe impact of the crisis was felt in the Indies, a raw material producing country.
The colonial government responded with a strict balanced budget policy that aggravated economic and social conditions. Two other leaders of the PNI, Gatot Mangkupradja and Maskun Supriadinata, were arrested and tried in court on charges of plotting against the Government. Soekarno was released in September 1931 but exiled again in August 1933. He remained in Dutch custody until the Japanese invasion in 1942.
In January 1931, Dr. Soetomo founded Persatuan Bangsa Indonesia, the Indonesian Unity Party. Its objective was to improve the social status of the Indonesian people. In April of the same year, PNI was abandoned. A new party was formed by Sartono, LLM and named Partai Indonesia, the Indonesian Party. Its basis was nationalism, its line was independence. Also in 1931, Sutan Syahrir formed Pendidikan Nasional Indonesia. Known as the new PNI, it envisaged national education. Mohammad Hatta joined this organization. In 1933 a mutiny broke out on the Dutch warship "De Zeven Provincien" for which Indonesian nationalists were held responsible. The following year Sutan Syahrir and Mohammad Hatta and other nationalist leaders were arrested and banished until 1942. In 1935, Soetomo merged Persatuan Bangsa Indonesia and Boedi Oetomo to form Partai Indonesia Raya (Parindra). Its fundamental goal was the independence of Great Indonesia. In July 1936, Sutardjo submitted to the "Volksraad" a petition calling for greater autonomy for Indonesia. This petition was flatly rejected by the Dutch-dominated Council. In 1937 Dr. A.K. Gani started the Indonesian People's Movement, Gerakan Rakyat Indonesia, which was based on the principles of nationalism, social independence and self-reliance. In 1939 the All Indonesian Political Federation, GAPI, called for the establishment of a full-fledged Indonesian parliament. This demand was rejected by the Government in Holland in 1940.
GAPI also demanded an Indonesian military service for the purpose of defending the country in times of war. Again, this was turned down, notwithstanding the impending outbreak of World War II. At the time, there were widespread movements for fundamental and progressive reforms in the colonies and dependencies in Asia.
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- Kranenburg.berpendapt bahwa demokrasi terbentuk dari dua pokok kata yang berasal dari bahasa yunani yaitu Demos (rakyat) dan Kratein (memerinyah) yang maknanya adalah “ cara memerintah oleh rakyat”.
- Prof. Mr. Koentjoro Poerbobranoto. Berpendapat demokrasi adalah suatu Negara yang pemerintahannya dipegang oleh rakyat. Maksudnya, suatu system dimana suatu Negara diikutsertakan dalampemerintahan Negara.
- Abraham Lincoln. Berpendapat bahwa demokrasi adalah pemerintahan dari rakyat, oleh rakyat, dan untuk rakyat (Democracy is government oh the people, by the people, and for the people).
e. Membantu korban bencana alam.
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In this present age, the Internet is considered the most important means of global communications, and it has truly created a platform for a borderless world. People from all walks of life are making use of the Internet to perform a wide variety of activities, both work-related and recreational. The Internet has become so accessible and efficient today because of a lot of developments that took place in the past. Here is a timeline to give you a better understanding of the history of the Internet.
1958 – President Eisenhower requested funding for the establishment of the Advanced Research Project Agency ARPA). His request was approved.
1962 – J.C. R. Licklider and W.Clark wrote a paper on the concept of the Internet. The paper was titled “On-Line Man Computer Communications”.
1965 – The first network experiment took place at the MIT Lincoln Lab, and it had two computers communicating with each other. The experiment was conducted by Larry Roberts.
1966 – The ARPA project started with Larry Roberts as the chief scientist.
1969 – The ARPA was introduced online as a connection between 4 major universities in the US.
1972 – Ray Tomlinson, a computer scientist in Cambridge Massachusetts, introduced the electronic mail. The symbol @ was used in the email address to separate the name of the user and the name of the network.
1973 – The design of the Transmission Control Panel/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) was developed, and it would become the standard for Internet communication in 1983.
1976 – President candidate Jimmy Carter used the email to make plans for his campaign.
1981 – Microsoft developed Disk Operating System (DOS).
1982 – The term “Internet” was introduced.
1984 – The Domain Name System (DNS) was set up, and domain names were given extensions like .com, .org, and .edu.
1985 – America Online, which was then known as Quantum Computer Services, made its debut.
1988 – The Internet Worm virus temporarily disabled 10% of the Internet servers around the world.
1989 – The World (world.std.com) became the first dial-up Internet access provider. Tim Berners-Lee developed the World Wide Web to enable users to use hyperlinks to connect to documents in websites.
1990 – Peter Deutsch of Montreal’s McGill University developed an FTP site archive called Archie to index the Internet. The Archie was regarded as the first search engine.
1991 – The Gopher point-and-click navigation was designed at the University of Minnesota.
1994 – The official website of the White House, www.whitehouse.gov, was launched. Commercial websites were set up and marketing campaigns were carried out with the use of email, leading to the coining of the term spamming. Netscape Communications was established by Marc Andreessen and Jim Clark, who also started the Navigator browser.
1995 – America Online, CompuServe, and Prodigy became providers of dial-up Internet access. The Java Internet programming language was released by Sun Microsystems. Windows 95 was introduced.
1996 – The Internet was used by around 45 million people, of which 30 million were Americans. There were personal computers in 43.2 million households in the US, and 14 million of these had Internet access.
1997 – The term weblog was introduced, and it was later changed to blog.
1998 – The first office of search engine giant Google was set up in California.
1999 – Shawn Fanning, a college student, developed a computer application called Napster to allow music to be swapped on the Internet. As Internet shopping became more popular, the term E-Commerce was frequently used. MySpace.com was started.
2000 – Many Internet users were hit by viruses, such as “Stages” and “Love Bug”, and many companies were temporarily forced to shut down their networks. Investment capital on the Internet dried up, and many dotcoms had to be closed down. Time Warner was bought by America Online for $16 billion, resulting in the biggest merger ever.
2001 – The number of email messages sent daily had increased to 9.8 billion. Wikipedia was launched.
2002 – About 544.2 million people around the world were using the Internet, with 164.14 million in the US alone.
2003 – The Apple iTunes Music Store was launched and it offered downloads of songs at the price of 99 cents each. 50% of all emails sent were unsolicited emails, and President Bush signed the CAN-SPAM Act of 2003 to reduce the number of unsolicited emails received by Internet users.
2004 – The amount of money spent online had reached $117 billion, which was a 23% increase from the previous year.
2005 – YouTube was launched.
2006 – The number of websites on the Internet had risen to 92 million.
2008 – In a bid to compete with Google, Microsoft made an offer to buy Yahoo! for a price of $44.6 billion.
Throughout the years, the Internet has grown to become a multi-billion dollar industry, and online spending is constantly on the rise. As such, many businesses have set up websites to try to gain a global market, and consumers are responding by making more and more purchases online. This is one of the main reasons why the Internet will continue to grow in importance and become a big part of our lives.
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